National Ensigns of British North America and the Dominion of Canada

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Frobisher's Expedition, 1577
Royal Union Flag, 1707
Royal Union Flag, 1801
Canadian Red Ensign, 1871
Canadian red ensign, 1873
Canadian red ensign, 1876
Canadian Red Ensign, 1907
Canadian Red Ensign, 1922
Canadian Red Ensign, 1957

Royal Canadian Navy
Royal Canadian Air Force
Canadian Army Battle Flag (Canadian Active Service Force Flag 1939-1944)

Chronology of the Canadian Red Ensign

1868-1921



Quarterly: 1- Green with three yellow maple leaves on one stem below a white chief with a red cross throughout; 2- Yellow with two light blue fleurs des lis in chief and three green maple leaves on one stem in base between a red fesse bearing a yellow lion passant reguardent; 3- Yellow with three green thistles with violet bloom, two in chief and one in base, between a wavy blue fesse bearing a white cod fish; 4- Yellow with a blue lymphad bearing red flags and sailing on green waters below a red chief bearing a yellow lion passant reguardent

The original Canadian Red Ensign had the arms of the four founding provinces on its shield. However, in the late 19th and early 20th century, flag manufacturers would often supplement this design with laurel wreaths and crowns. The design was frequently placed on a white square or circle in the flag's fly. There was no standard design for the Red Ensign until the early 1920s.

In 1868 a royal warrant created the Great Seal of Canada. The first Canadian Red Ensign was created shortly after this (without formal authority) and flown over the Canadian Parliament. This flag was made official in 1892 (after a personal intervention with the British Admiralty, which had the final say on such matters until 1931, by Governor General Stanley (the donor of the Stanley Cup for hockey), and remained so until 1922.

In 1917, during World War I, the Canadian Expeditionary Force raised this Canadian Red Ensign (popularly known at that time as the "Canadian Flag") on Vimy Ridge, not the Union Jack, even though all Commonwealth forces were technically British during the War. Canada was also signatories of the Versailles Treaty and charter members of the League of Nations, both under this Canadian Red Ensign. Through out this period, widespread use of this flag on land continued on Canadian government buildings. http://www.loeser.us/flags/canada.html

Made by http://tmealf.com/

87 by 45 inches
Canadian red ensign in Imperial War Museum

Red Ensign flying again at Vimy Ridge


While the soldiers died for and under the Union Jack, and this flag was outdated by at least 20 years, at least it's a start...

At the 1936 dedication ceremony and in 1998

Back ten years later, this time to see the real flag honoured:

Vimy LOL 2697 carrying the Canadian Red Ensign (described on its site as "of 1917") displayed in Remembrance Day commemorations honouring all Orange Brothers who gave the supreme sacrifice at Vimy Ridge.

A Canadian red ensign which sold for $120,000 at Sotheby's

1870-1873

Right: Personal Collection

An early version of Manitoba's coat of arms was added to represent the new province. The badge was surrounded by a wreath of maple leaves and a crown. The addition of Manitoba gave the flag a 5-Province Shield.In 1870 the Canadian shield underwent a change dividing the bottom row of province arms into thirds, i.e. from left to right, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and adding the arms of Manitoba. This first design of Manitoba's seal is similar to the present arms, but without the rock, with a crown on the cross, and with the buffalo portrayed charging. This gave rise to the assumption that quarterings for other provinces would be added when they were admitted to Confederation, but the Manitoba symbol (and those of the later provinces) were never officially added to the Great Seal. However, this made little difference, since most flag makers usually added the symbol to both the Blue and Red Ensigns. Until 1922, there were many variations in displaying the shield on the flag: sometimes a white disk was behind the shield, sometimes there was wreath of maple leaves or a wreath of roses, thistles, and shamrocks, and sometimes the shield was topped by a beaver or crown. http://www.loeser.us/flags/canada_note_2.html#shield3

45" x 70"

36 inches by 20 1/2 inches



Commemorative Flags

Given the prolific number of fakes being sold on eBay as outlined at the Canadian Anglo-Boer War Museum, it seems suspicious how the arms in these flags are identical despite a gap of twenty years- the flag on the left apparently dates from 1881 whilst that on the right is supposedly celebrating the 1901 Royal Tour of Canada by the future King George V & Queen Mary.

1870-73 Canadian ensign with deranged Union flag
90 cm x 1.33 m
It is common, today, to find wildly misspelled words on souvenir items made in China, by assembly line workers not remotely familiar with the English language. But this is definitely an antique, not from China; the rust marks, the faded colours, the age burn generally, all combine to firmly date this flag to the 1880s or 90s, when work of this quality was actually made right here in Canada by newly arrived immigrants from mainland Europe, with hardly any schooling, certainly not in the English language, or knowledge of the flag of their newly adopted country. The quality control officer was probably an Irishman, and closet Fenian... The fabric is tough and thick cotton; the tack - that's the flag border traditionally nailed to the flagpole, for you non-sailor types - is reinforced with heavy canvas and two metal grommets. This flag is also huge, the biggest of its type we've seen, at 1.3 m long. It is strongly printed on both sides. The clew - that's the other end - is reinforced with thread to prevent fraying in the wind... www.goldiproductions.com/BoerWar_Museum/Boer4e2_fabric_flags2.html
1873-1892
In 1873 the flag was modified to represent the new provinces of British Columbia and Prince Edward Island with the 7-shield badge placed on a white disk. The coat of arms was very similar to the present coat-of-arms, except that the motto "parva sub ingenti" was an integral part of the design.

18"X36", being sold on ebay currently for $250

5 by 19 inches which sold on eBay for an astonishing $460

Left: Personal collection: 26x56 inches (pole 4 feet)
Right:
Purported Canadian red ensign measuring 32" by 19"

7' x 3'6" flag


108" by 51"

159" by 66"

5 feet by 11 feet

Left: Hanging in the narthex at St. Peter's Anglican Church; Erindale; Mississauga, Ontario.


From the Elman W. Campbell Museum in Newmarket, Ontario. There used to be a Dixon's Pencils Factory in Newmarket; somebody there made this flag out of their pencils and eventually it was donated to the museum.

Silk, measuring 8.5 x 17.5 inches (22 x 45 cm)


Cotton textile c
onsisting of nine panels 29" X 12'


Canadian Red Ensign which had belonged to a troop which closed in 1941.
14" X 19"

Canadian Ensign from Boer War presented to the Army Museum in the Halifax Citadel

video
Two years ago, LCol Glass found this flag on eBay and bought it in July 2006. The seller told him the history that links the ensign to Nova Scotia and when LCol Glass gave the pennant to RAdm Girouard, he had a written history to accompany it. He kept the pennant in his office while he was Commander MARPAC but noted “I couldn’t keep this national treasure.” Knowing the military history and having lived in Halifax, RAdm Girouard stated the pennant belonged in the Army Museum at the Citadel. “I knew it had to come home and that’s why we are here today. I’m really honoured to be able to close the loop on this beautiful little artifact.” It’s a Canadian Red Ensign carried over by a member of E Battery, the Canadian horse artillery, to the Boer War., belonging to a Nova Scotia soldier named Macdonald. It was Macdonald’s personal property and was kept in his family for many years before it ended up on eBay. “It is a rather unusual ensign because the crest on it was a proposed ensign from 1873, which was never approved. It only has five provinces on it and I assume the reason it wasn’t approved was that was the year PEI came into Confederation and they are not shown on the crest. There was a whole series of Red Ensigns over the years that were proposed and not approved. This was one of them.” http://www.army.dnd.ca/lfaa_hq/stories/mueum.htm

Claimed by its eBay seller to be yet another Boer War flag, this only measures 3 by 6 INCHES. On the front is written "Relief of Ladysmith Feby 27 1900."

Looking at the site angloboerwarmuseum.com/Boer12b_fake_flags.html I wouldn't trust the veracity of any so-called Boer War flag being sold on eBay.

Canadian Boer War Display Flag, 1899

54.5 x 85 cm Canadian 1870 ensign with upper cameo showing the Boer War dress of Canada's First Contingent which went to South Africa in October, 1899, possibly in honour of the Canadian triumph at Paardeberg, in February, 1900, and made to wave on their return that November. http://www.goldiproductions.com/BoerWar_Museum/Boer4e2_fabric_flags2.html

1896
British Columbia adopted a new coat of arms.
1907-1921

In 1907 Alberta and Saskatchewan were added to the shield whilst the coats of arms of British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, and Manitoba took on their modern forms making a 9-province shield.
The 19th Century provincial badges of Manitoba, Prince Edward Island and British Columbia were not recognized by the College of Heralds, and had to be altered when official provincial coats of arms were authorized in 1905.
The "Union Jack" was moved to the chief because the principal symbolism of the arms should occupy the bulk of the shield (e.g. the sun and water of the British Columbia arms is equivalent to the buffalo of the Manitoba arms). http://www.loeser.us/flags/canada_note_2.html#shield3


Ensign currently held by the Regimental Museum of the Lincoln and Welland Regiment



The flag itself has the word "Kilmvir" or "Kilmuir" and has a faded "1918" that is legible. The flag appears to be made of wool. And is 125"X62" (inches) and 317.5X157.4(cm), 10ftX5.1ft.


34 inches by 53 inches

36" (grommet to grommet) x 52

From the film Passchendaele

1922-1957

A red field bearing in the Canton the Union Jack and in the centre of the fly end the shield of Canada (divided horizontally in thirds, the top two areas divided vertically, 1- Red with three yellow lions; 2- yellow with a red rampant lion within a red double tressure flory counter-flory; 3- Dark blue with a yellow crowned lady harp; 4- Dark blue with three yellow Fleurs des lis, 2 & 1; 5- White with innumerable small dark blue points bearing in the centre three green maple leaves on a single stem.
At the end of the Great War when the College of Heralds was working on the current Canadian Coat of Arms, they wanted the maple leaves to be red, as they are at present. Sir Joseph Pope did everything in his power to stop it in favour of green leaves, on the assumption that vigorous leaves are green and dying (fall) leaves are red. The College of Heralds got their way by recommending to King George V that the leaves be "proper," natural coloured in heraldic language. Since both red and green are "proper" hence the change in 1957 could be made without any need to revisit the Grant of Arms.



Incredibly, this slip of a flag (described by the seller as an "unusual (sic) vintage 1930s heraldic union jack ensign flag) sold for $156.05 on eBay. 24" x 38" with shield looking identical to that of the British Empire flag
Canadian ensigns displayed during the Flag Day and Open House at the XII Manitoba Dragoons/26th Field Regiment Museum in the Brandon Armoury, a small museum of about 800 square feet which mostly tries to show the artefacts and history of the military from South-western Manitoba.
Presenting the flag to the Nova Scotia Alpha fraternity


2 1/3 yard long Pioneer Brand made by Jones Tent & Awning Ltd


3 feet by 5 feet with grommets on bunting
Made of a blend of nylon and wool fabric, manufacturer is SCYCO, and measures approximately 36"x72" with two grommets at either end of the cotton sleeve. The sleeve has a rope going through it, but has been cut off at both ends. The shield has been screen printed and then sewn onto the flag in an appliqué style and measures approximately 8"x11"
Apparently flown at a public facility, the printing on it states that is is 5 foot x 10 foot, but is closer to 58" x 116". Has original rope with brass ring and brass clasp to hang onto a flag pole.
The seller of this flag measuring over 9 feet at 114 x 50 inches on eBay claims that
This flag was flown on the ship during the First World War and draped on the coffin of a HMCS Niobe crew member who died in 1920 while still serving on board the ship.
However, this version of the Canadian flag did not come into existence until four years AFTER the war. In addition, if any Canadian ensign flew on a ship during WWI, it would have been the white ensign or perhaps even the blue ensign.



25 inches by 51 inches

The flag on the left measures 36"by 58" whilst the right measures approximately 132" x 68"


6 feet long
69 inches x 46 inches with gold frill along the edge.
Unusual dimensions from my personal collection: 4feet by 6feet

Massive 15 foot flag

5 feet by 13 feet




5' by 8'

Canadian red ensign and Union flag indoor parade flags
From the Kit Shop of the Royal Canadian Legion in Ottawa, Ont. Both flags have been on display inside but have not been taken outdoors. Each, 27"x54" is individually mounted on a 7-foot oak pole, and comes complete with acorn ornament and cord/tassels.

Final Retirement of Camp Vernon's Canadian Red Ensign

The Colour Guard removes the last Red Ensign to be flown over the camp and folds it for presentation to the City of Vernon.

From Russia with Love


The Canadian red ensign at the beginning of the second James Bond film 'From Russia with Love' during the chess match (which, incidentally, used Boris Spassky's ending against Bronstein in the 1960 USSR Championship).

Ceremonial Canadian Red Ensign


Made of High Quality Silk, the Union Jack is multi-piece assembled with shield hand-painted on silk and sewn on the flag. According to the seller, "this is the highest quality period red ensign that you could find!!" The size is approximately 24" X 48"

Canadian red ensign at 2007 Beijing World Youth Academy Sports Day
Canadian Flag in WWII

LEFT: Unfurling the Canadian Red Ensign at First Canadian Army HQ in Normandy, June 29th, 1944. RIGHT: Major-General R.F.L. Keller addressing Canadian troops in Normandy, August 2nd, 1944.

Canadian Yacht Ensigns
Measuring 12"x23.5" and 11"x18"
Still from Paul Verhoeven's film Zwartboek (2006); can't tell if the leaves are red or green...

For some reason the eBay seller is describing this as a New Brunswick flag. Note the VE Day writing on the side.

Personal collection in classroom
1957-1965


A Shield divided horizontally in thirds, the top two areas divided vertically, 1- Red with three yellow lions with blue tongues and claws; 2- Yellow with red rampant lion with blue tongue and claws within a red double tressure flory counter-flory; 3- Dark blue with yellow harp with white strings; 4- Dark blue with three yellow fleurs des lis, 2 & 1 and 5- White with three yellow-veined red maple leaves on a single stem; the elements are all outlined in black.


The maple leaves at the base of the Canadian royal arms change from green to red. The 1921 proclamation specified that the leaves be a "proper," natural colour, but this was ambiguous because maple leaves can be green, yellow, or red. Artists had previously drawn them green, but on this date the Secretary of State announced that they should henceforth be red. The Irish harp was changed from its female incarnation, and the double border within the Scotch arms were erroneously changed to a single one.

[O]n October 8, 1957, a number of stylistic changes were made to the Canadian flag, but only the ones made to the shield affected the ensign badge: the green leaves were changed to red to accord with Canada's national colours and, at the Queen's request, that purely English invention, the female harp, was replaced by the old Celtic harp. This new depiction of the shield produced the third official version of the ensign... completed just in time to have Ottawa awash in the ensigns of the new pattern for the visit of Queen Elizabeth that year.
Unfortunately, in switching to the new design, an error was introduced ... found in the second (upper right) quarter of the shield where there appears the rampant lion of Scotland. This is supposed to be surrounded by a double red border described heraldically as a "double tressure flory-counter-flory gules". This pattern, which contains fleurs-de-lis recalling Scotland's ancient alliance with France, also appears in the flag of Nova Scotia. On the old green-leaf ensigns (1922-1957) it was always represented correctly, but on the red-leaf ensigns (1957-1965) the double border was sloppily reduced to a single one.
http://www.fraser.cc/FlagsCan/Nation/Ensigns.html

Last Canadian Ensign to be flown on Parliament HillLast Canadian Ensign to fly at CFS AlertCanadian Ensign being lowered for the last time at the Chateau de Mercy in Metz, France and at the Royal Military College, February 15, 1965

The Canadian red ensign alongside the Royal Canadian Air Force ensign.

With the white ensign and RCAF flag right.

Last Canadian Ensign to be flown in Canada as the official flag
The ensign above was lowered at the RCMP border post at Skagway on February 15th. 1965 at 2359hrs. (Alaska time) and replaced by the new Canadian Maple Leaf flag. It now hangs framed (bizarrely for a flag) in St. James Anglican Church, Caledon East, Ontario. Although it is claimed to be the last ensign flown in 1965, it has the pre-1957 shield.



Glorious 3' by 6' stitched red ensign
Shield on right appears pre-1957 but with red leaves.

Canadian red ensigns produced by Dominion Regalia


Proposed Red Ensign from 1946

Produced by Flying Colours

Royal Canadian Navy

HMCS Sackville

HMCS SACKVILLE prior to her commissioning circa 1941. Today it continues to fly the blue ensign and that of the Royal Navy.

HMCS Haida
The HMCS Haida is a Tribal-class destroyer that served in the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) from 1943-1963. She sank more enemy surface tonnage than any other Canadian warship. She is also the only surviving Tribal-class destroyer out of 27 vessels that were constructed between 1937-1945 for the Royal Navy, Royal Australian Navy and the RCN and has been dubbed "the fightingest ship in the Royal Canadian Navy"



Left is 53" by 26" and appears to be wool whilst the label on the hoist reads Pioneer Brand Regâe(tm)d made by Jones Tent & Awning Ltd. Vancouver, B.C.

Personal flag in classroom



Royal Canadian Air Force







74X36

The world's largest RCAF Flag flying near the Nanton Museum in Alberta. Donated by Halifax 57 Rescue Canada, Flags Inc and The Model Train Store in the town.

Left: The RCAFA 447 Wing is located in an 'H' hut on the grounds of the Hamilton International Airport. The area was used as a Royal Air Force training facility from 1939 to 1945, and is one of the few remaining 'H' huts in existence from that era. Pictured is 447 Wing president, Judith Brown in the flag room.
Right:
40th anniversary of the first flight of Avro Arrow 201, March 21 1998, Toronto Airport Holiday Inn

Royal Canadian Air and Sea Cadets
The first Ensign of the Royal Canadian Sea Cadets (RCSC) was a white flag with a Union Jack Canton with the insignia of the RCSC at the fly. Christophe T. Stevenson (Ex-Coxswain of the RCSCC 223 Longueull)

Canadian Army Battle Flag (Canadian Active Service Force Flag 1939-1944)


In the Second World War, which Canada entered after Britain declared war on Germany, they used the Canadian Red Ensign as their national flag, but also in use was a lesser known battle flag. Canada wanted its army to be distinguishable among the great mass of British troops, and so provided it with, not the Canadian Red Ensign, but this new battle flag.

Designed by Colonel Archer Fortescue Duguid, Director of the Historical Section of the National Defence Headquarters in Ottawa, the flag of the Canadian Active Service Force, generally known as the "Battle Flag of Canada," was approved by the War Cabinet December 7 1939.

http://www.loeser.us/flags/canada.html

Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps


The Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps does not have colours in the military meaning commonly associated with that of the Cavalry and Infantry, but has the unique distinction of flying a flag which embraces the Union flag in its upper canton next to the flag staff. The Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps is the only Corps in the Canadian Army that has had this singular privilege bestowed upon it and which traditionally commenced through its parent corps, the royal Army Ordnance Corps, as far back as 1694 when the seal of the board of Ordnance was added to and flown with the red ensign of its day to mark the authority in matters pertaining to it. The design was submitted by the Director of Ordnance Services on 23 April 1947 for approval and was promulgated in CAO 54-3 on 1 December 1952. A later amendment made to Canadian Army Orders in 1964 defines the flag as follows:

On a blue field, the Union Flag in the upper left hand corner; on the fly end a green maple leaf 12 inches high; superimposed on the maple leaf, in full colour, the royal Canadian Ordnance Corps badge in the design approved by the Sovereign in December 1963, height of badge 6 ½ inches.

The proper size of this flag is 6 ft by 3 ft.


Canadian Victory Loan Flags

From the Great War


Here is attached also a new full-size drawing I did based on the photo on your web site of the Prince of Wales Honour Flag with two crests. As far as I can gather from the newspaper articles of the day, the additional badge for exceeding your quota could be any one of the Prince's three crests. However all I ever see mentioned are the "plumes" as they are referred to, which is exactly what appears in your photo. Dave Martucci, http://www.vexman.net/ and http://www.midcoast.com/~martucci/neva/





World War II Victory Loan Flags

1st Campaign

This was a Canadian flag of the early from June 2, 1941 connected with raising money for the war effort. It was the first in a series of nine Pledge Flags, each with a different badge, that were used in promoting the Victory Loan campaign. David Prothero, 27 September 2001

2nd Campaign


image by Dave Martucci

An original Second World War period Canadian Victory Bond Streamer Flag issued exclusively for the 2nd Victory Loan “Come on Canada!” campaign of early 1942. They were employed to decorate buildings, store fronts, city streets and even vehicles. This particular example was printed on plain-woven canvas fabric, measuring 4-inches by 5 3/4-inches, displaying a colorful Union Jack to the upper left and a dark green maple leaf to the lower right. The flag equally retains a 13 3/4-inch segment of stitched streamer cord.

3rd Campaign

This WWII Canadian Victory Loan pledge flag with the Union Jack, blue shield and dagger on the white field, is from the 3rd campaign of WWII in Oct 1942 to raise funds for the war effort. The slogan for this campaign was "Come on Canada." It was the 3rd in a series of nine Pledge Flags, each with a different badge, that were used in promoting the Victory Loan campaign.

Pennant issued exclusively for the 3rd Victory Loan “Nothing matters now but Victory” campaign of late 1942. This is a choice wartime tapering flag of fine quality woven cotton fabric, measuring 24-inches, at the widest point, by 56-inches in length. Pennant is obviously well made and consists of five machine stitched individual pieces. A printed pattern variation of the loan’s distinctive symbol, featuring a 1st Pattern Fairbairn-Sykes Commando Knife, is displayed within a white bordered blue shield. The pennant equally retains its full length, looped Manila hoisting rope.

4th campaign

It began 23 October 1944 using the slogan "Invest in Victory - Buy One More Than Before". The flag measures approx. 8' long by 4 1/2' wide. It contains a Union Jack in the upper left-hand corner with a flaming sword over a 7 on a shield centring a white field.

Fifth Campaign

image by Dave Martucci


24-inches, at the widest point, by 58-inches in length.


“Something new has been added for the Fifth Victory Loan campaign - a “V” Flag, to be awarded to Canadian plants whose employees do exceptionally well during the campaign. This flag will be awarded to those establishments where 90 per cent, or more of the employees invest 15 per cent or more of the monthly payroll in Victory Bonds or War Savings Certificates. Three stars will be affixed to the lower right hand corner of the flag. The flags were provided in two sizes 4ft.6in. by 9 ft. and 2ft.1in. by 4ft.2in. The larger size is No. 1 Admiralty bunting which will withstand outdoor conditions.”


Sixth Campaign

image by Dave Martucci

An actual unaffixed flag shield, measuring 12 1/2-inches by 18 1/2-inches, of fine quality woven cotton fabric holding a printed pattern variation of the loan’s “Winged Six” in Roman Numerals, nicely displayed within a blue bordered shield outline.

Seventh Campaign

Left image by Eugene Ipavec and Martin Grieve; for some reason the image omits the red border on the right.
The pledge flag on the right was flown in St. George during the Seventh Victory Loan. It began 23 October 1944 using the slogan "Invest in Victory - Buy One More Than Before". The flag measures approx. 8' long by 4 1/2' wide and contains a Union Flag in the canton with a flaming sword over a 7 on a shield centring a white field and a red border on three sides.

8th Campaign

Unaffixed flag shield, a smaller example, measuring 7-inches by 9 3/4-inches, of a thicker woven cotton fabric holding a printed pattern variation of the loan’s symbol, a number "Eight" surrounded by a wreath of laurel leaves, nicely displayed within a red and blue shield.

9th Campaign



Approximately 4.5 x 9 feet, this flag was purchased from Vancouver, BC about a year and a half ago. The flag is soiled and stained and unfortunately lacks the badge which would have indicated which Victory Loan Drive it was originally from. Complete with faded "SS Holden Ottawa" manufacturer's tag. Originally sold on eBay by flagsofempire

Governor General's flags

The Provincial Arms and Dominion Flags dated May 6, 1871, with what is identified as the Governor General's flag in the centre which appears as a white ensign with the arms in the centre.

1901-1921 Flag


1921-1931 Flag
Currently hanging up in my classroom; specially commissioned from Artelina Sewn Flags.

Current

This last flag is the proud property of Mattias who informed me that it is the Canadian Governor-General’s flag from the 193os – 1940s and describes it as "is a real genuine find!"
This flag with the Imperial crown was used when Queen Elizabeth's father George VI was king; this was the crown he used, and his father and so on. Some Museum in western Canada came upon three of these when cleaning out an old storage area. ALL STILL SEALED IN THE ORIGINAL 1930s WAX PAPER!!!! I managed through contacts to get one, and then persuaded the person to let me have the second as well, as the museum only needed one for their display purposes!
9 feet by 4'9, marked 1987